A basic DDS consists of three main building blocks: an accumulator, an angle-to-amplitude converter, and a digital-to-analog converter (or DAC). The basic DDS requires 2 inputs: A system clock signal with Fs denoting its frequency, and a digital numeric value denoted by FTW comprising a frequency tuning word. The system clock serves as a timing reference for the DDS, while the FTW controls the output frequency of the DDS. The accumulator and angle-to-amplitude converter together constitute a numerically controlled oscillator (or NCO). The output of the NCO is a time series of digital words that occur at a rate equal to the system clock frequency. The time series of digital words represent a sinusoidal waveform sampled at a rate of Fs and possessing a frequency dictated by the FTW. The DAC converts the time series of digital words produced by the NCO to an analog waveform, yielding a so-called real-world signal at the DAC output. N, P and D constitute the width of the interconnecting buses in bits. That is, the accumulator buses are N-bits wide as is the FTW, the input to the angle-to-amplitude converter is P-bits wide, and its output is D-bits wide as is the input to the DAC.