Charger Categories

• Level 1 – the most basic AC charging unit for EVs. While vehicle battery packs can only be charged with Direct Current (DC) electricity most vehicles have on board charging circuity that can convert AC power to DC power. The chargers are typically found at a home where parking overnight would not be unusual. Since level 1 only requires the use of a 110V or 120V input and outputs between 1 and 2 kilowatts of power, a standard electrical outlet can be used nearly anywhere.
• Level 2 – a step up from Level 1 chargers, with the ability to quickly charge vehicle battery packs within a few hours. Level 2 chargers typically requires a 220V or 240V hook up and can output between 3 to 19 kilowatts. Due to the increased power requirement and installation cost, level 2 AC chargers can typically be found in public spaces for EV charging or in private areas given a professional installation from an Electric Vehicle Service Provider (EVSP).
• Level 3 – Direct Current (DC) charging, "fast chargers". Direct Current Fast Charging are the highest power and fastest EV charging stations. While they can nearly charge a battery in less than 1 hour, they require an enormous amount of power to do so. Most Direct Current Fast Charging stations require at least 480 Volts and 100 amps, but some newer stations have the ability of 1000 Volts and 500 amps of electrical power. As such DC fast charging stations are commonly found only in public areas, such as rest areas or near shopping malls.

Image Source: Supercharged solutions for EV charging Webinar

Plug Types

These plug types for EV Chargers are used in different regions and contain conductors for power and communication between the EV and the charger have defined standards for AC charging connectors. An Onboard Charger (OBC) is required within an EV for AC charging to be possible.Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) and International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)

Image Source: Onboard and offboard chargers in eMobility applications Webinar

Supercharged solutions for EV charging

The future of cars and mobility is electric. As the demand for electric vehicles grows, so does the need for reliable and safe charging systems.

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Onboard and offboard chargers in eMobility applications​

With an increasing number of electric powered vehicles on market and the roads: passenger cars, light vehicles, buses, trucks and construction and mining vehicles, there is a growing need in the eMobility industry for reliable, compact, efficient, and powerful products that help safeguard against outages disruptions,

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How to Use Residual Current Monitors to Ensure Electrical Safety When Charging Electric Vehicles​

Charging of the high-voltage battery of electric vehicles (EVs) translates to high mechanical stress for charging cables and connectors. If the insulation breaks and live metal parts are exposed, or shunts appear in the onboard electronics, life-threatening residual currents can occur in the EV user’s body.

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Advantages of SiC power devices

• SiC MOSFETs are unipolar devices that exhibit very low turn-on and turn-off switching losses. This property enables higher switching frequencies with lower losses, allowing the reduction of passive components and magnetics.
• High operating temperatures: silicon carbide offers superior thermal properties compared to silicon. SiC exhibits low leakage currents over a wide range of temperatures, allowing operation beyond 200°C. Simplified cooling and excellent thermal management are a bonus of this property.

Advantages of GaN power devices

• Low gate charge (Q_G) and on-resistance R_DS(ON), which translate into lower drive losses and faster switching rates.
• Zero reverse recovery, resulting in lower switching losses and less EMI noise.
• High dv/dt: GaN can switch at very high frequencies and has 4x faster turn-on and 2x faster turn-off than SiC MOSFETs with similar R_DS(ON)

How WBGs are impacting transportation systems

Higher operating temperature voltage and switching rates can directly improve transportation systems, here are some examples:

• Smaller and lighter weight electronics allow for compact and more efficient electric powertrains.
• Higher operating temperature and lower power losses allows for cooling systems to be smaller and lighter.
• Reduced power losses across components directly improve electrical efficacy.

Faster switching frequency, smaller components, and faster response times allows for more efficient use of battery power.

With smaller, lighter, more efficient electric drivetrains and related systems wideband gap semiconductor based electric vehicles have a very promising future in land, sea, and even air transportation.

Source: https://www.digikey.com/en/supplier-centers/infineon-technologies

Systems within EVs reaping the benefits of WBG Semiconductors

There are some key systems, within EVs, to keep in mind in terms of benefits from WBG semiconductors. You'll find the WBG Semiconductors in the traction inverter, onboard charger (OBC) , and EV Charger.

Image Source: Wide Bandgap Semiconductors Are Reshaping the Transportation World

Specialized DC/DC Converters Meet the Unique Challenges of Railway Power Delivery

Designers specifying DC/DC converters for use in railways need to ensure those converters can perform reliably in confined spaces under difficult electrical, mechanical, and thermal stress conditions.

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Wide Bandgap Semiconductors Are Reshaping the Transportation World

The entire transportation sector is undergoing a radical transformation, with internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles gradually giving way to less polluting electric and hybrid cars and cleaner mass transportation solutions

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CAN Bus

The CAN Bus standard started in the early 1980's and is a basic differential voltage signaled message-based protocol designed to allow devices and microcontrollers to communicate without a central host computer, this saves on cost and complexity. Fully described in ISO11898, classic CAN bus is for relatively low speeds of up to 1 megabit per second (Mbps) for a length of 40 meters or less and while developed nearly 40 years ago is not suitable for modern high bandwidth uses.

In modern applications CAN bus can be found in applications such as user interface controls and other medium bandwidth roles.

Variations on CAN bus that support higher data rate applications

• CAN Flexible Data Rate (CAN FD) was the first improvement with data rate up to 5 Mbps
• CAN Extra Long (CAN XL) improved data rates even further with speeds of up to 10 Mbps making it comparable to basic base10 ethernet connectivity and compatible with previous versions of CAN including CAN FD

Image source: https://www.digikey.com/en/blog/the-basics-of-the-controller-area-network

Other protocols used in In-vehicle networks (IVNs)

• Local Interconnect network (LIN) Developed in the late 1990s as a cheaper and more cost-effective communication protocol to CAN Bus. With data rates of up to 20 kilobits per second (kbps), LIN is designed for Low-bandwidth applications where the complexity and cost of CAN bus is not needed.
• FlexRay is another IVN standard using synchronous communication that can provide higher data rates and bandwidth when compared to basic CAN bus, up to 10 Mpbs. FlexRay was developed by OEM automotive, and circuit manufactures as an answer to limitation in CAN speeds for higher data rate applications such as Advanced control and safety systems that require multiple high-speed sensor inputs.
• Automotive Ethernet was developed in response to increasing need for bandwidth for an Advanced Driver Assistance System (ADAS). Capable of speeds up to 100Mbps and allowing for Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) software architecture like those used in Data Centers and with the ability to re-use of existing Internet Protocol (IP) software for other industries. The primary difference between automotive ethernet and regular ethernet can be found in the physical layer, with more robust cabling and interfaces to operate in the automotive environment of electrical interference.

The hybrid reality of modern In-vehicle networks (IVNs)

Most modern vehicles have several overlapping networks of CAN, LIN, and Ethernet connections depending on the connected hardware devices and data rate bandwidth required.

• LIN for simple electronic connections such as body electronics like side mirror and power seats positioning
• CAN for powertrain components, transmission positioning, and ABS control
• Ethernet for higher bandwidth like in cabin entertainment displays

Networking gateway devices can link these different networks together, allowing for a unified control system throughout the vehicle.

Image source: https://www.digikey.com/en/blog/the-basics-of-the-controller-area-network

An Introduction to CAN Bus

The Controller Area Network, typically abbreviated to CAN or CAN Bus, is a serial, message-based communication protocol with the ability to connect numerous devices to exchange data on a single network.

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The Basics of the Controller Area Network (CAN bus) and its Use in Automotive Applications

One of the classic IVNs is the Controller Area Network or CAN bus. Let’s take a look at it, and some example CAN bus transceivers.

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How to Simplify the Test of CAN Bus Networks Using the Right Oscilloscope

One of the classic IVNs is the controller area network or CAN bus. CAN has been around for about thirty years, but it continues to develop.

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Distance and position sensors

• Radar: radar sensors use radio waves to detect vehicles and other objects in the environment around the car. By measuring the time, it takes for a radar pulse to return to the receiver, the distance can be calculated.
• Lidar: distance is measured by sending a short laser pulse and recording the time taken between outgoing light pulse and the detection of the reflected light pulse.
• Ultrasonic: Measuring the time between sending out a short high frequency pulse of sound until it bounces off an object returns to a receiver Typically found in the front and rear bumpers useful for short range object detection or collision avoidance.
• GPS: By receiving GPS signals from orbiting satellites exact position can be determined within a few centimeters of accuracy with widespread and near global cover this is one of the most common types of system in use today.

Other sensors

Accelerometers, temperature, humidity, and optical sensors also get used within transportation. For more on these sensors see the Applications & Technologies page on Sensors.

An Understanding of How LiDAR Works Shows the Importance of Careful TIA and Comparator Selection​

Light detection and ranging (LiDAR) has come to be most widely associated with the field of automotive design, where dreamers believe it can help realize a hands-free future.

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Understanding Ultrasonic Sensors

In this article, we explain the principle of operation of ultrasonic sensors, consider their advantages and disadvantages, and review some of their most common applications.

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ADAS

An Advance Driver Assistance System (ADAS) is a safety feature in vehicles made up of many subsystems and technologies that assist the driver in driving and parking operations. While it not able to fully take over all driving responsibilities and tasks, ADAS does greatly increase driver safety and makes for a more enjoyable and safer driving experience.

Battery Charging

As the demands for power in Electric Vehicles grow, the ability to recharge the vehicle's battery pack quickly and efficiently becomes more important. By implementing a high voltage, high current battery charging circuit, either onboard or at the charging station, the vehicle's battery pack can be recharged quickly with a minimum of downtime.

Braking Systems

An Anti-Lock Breaking System (ABS) is a safety feature in vehicles that help the driver maintain control during emergency braking situations. It does not necessarily make the car stop more quickly. Without ABS, more driver skill is needed to stop in unexpected situations, freeing the driver to concentrate on steering.

Central Body Control

Central Body Control (CBC) is subsystem responsible for power distribution and control across the vehicle body. Everything from Remote locks, power windows, and automotive lighting interacts with the CBC in one way. CBC also forms the network that allows for vehicle data and controls to communicate across the vehicle data bus to individual components.

Digital Radio

Digital Radio is the next step in the in- car audio experience. With more compact and data rich digital transmissions replacing the standard AM/FM broadcast, digital radios can be more efficient, display more features and give a better listening experience with higher audio quality.

Electric Power Steering

Electric power steering (EPS) is a key subsystem for a safer and more responsive driving experience. Instead of using a mechanical and hydraulic connection from the steering wheel to the tires, an electric motor is used to control and assist the vehicle steering inputs from the driver. This smaller and more efficient solution allows for greater ease of use and higher degree of control.

Infotainment

Infotainment is the automotive subsystem for delivering audio and video entertainment to the vehicle passengers. Ranging from basic in-car radio to advanced touch screen displays, the infotainment subsystem covers everything from audio speakers, video displays and even wireless data connections.

Instrument Cluster

The Automotive Instrument Cluster is primary user display for all vital information about the status of the vehicle. Speed, vehicle status, or warning lights can be displayed for ease of driver use. Newer vehicle models are transitioning away from individual analog gauge displays to have the whole of the instrument cluster be one large display panel, allowing for more responsive and interactive data presentation.

Main Inverter

As vehicle electrification continues, there is a need to convert the Direct Current (DC) electricity from the vehicle's battery pack into the Alternating Current (AC) electricity needed by the powertrain drive motors. The Main Inverter subsystem is the circuits that perform such a conversion allowing for higher efficiency and greater travel distance. The harsh environmental requirements and demanding electrical performance make this a critical piece of the electric vehicle design.

Rear Vision System

A vehicle's Rear Vision System or back up camera is a safety feature to help eliminate a driver's rear blind spots while moving in reverse. A camera that outputs a live image to passenger cabin for the driver to see the immediate travel path of the reversing vehicle. As a mandated safety feature in new vehicles, back up cameras will make driving a safer and easier experience for all drivers.

Seat Control

Since most of the driver's time inside a vehicle will be seated position, it is vital that it be as comfortable as possible. Seat Control is the subsystem of electric motors and controls that allow users to adjust the position seat to their preference and allow for environmental control such as heated or air condition seats. While more complicated than older style controls, the comfort and degree of user control make it a priority for drivers.

Start-Stop System

The Start-Stop System found on most new vehicles that have internal combustion engines is a subsystem to help reduce emissions and save fuel. When the car sensors detect that it's no longer moving, it can deactivate engine, saving fuel. When the driver accelerates, the engine reactive. While requiring a stronger battery and electrical system the Start Stop System is a promising new way for efficiency.

AEC standards

The AEC-Q series of standards are a set of qualifications and testing standards for all electronic components used in automotive applications. The specifications have been established by the Automotive Electronics Council (AEC) and are accepted by most automotive manufacturers across the globe. There are several testing conditions covered under AEC standards. Electrical performance, operating temperature range and thermal cycling, moisture and chemical resistance, vibration, physical stress testing, and solderability.

The testing areas, each with specific subcategories and testing regimes are as follows.

• AEC - Q100: Integrated Circuits (Chips)
• AEC - Q101: Discrete Semiconductors
• AEC - Q102: Discrete Optoelectronic Semiconductors
• AEC - Q103: Sensors in Automotive Applications
• AEC - Q104: Multi-Chip Modules (MCM)
• AEC - Q200: Passive Components such as Resistors, capacitors, and inductors

While the AEC-Q standard form the basis for testing and qualification some component manufactures go above and beyond those standards testing for more extreme conditions and operating environment and call them automotive rated, but the AEC-Q standards ensure minimum standards accepted by most automotive companies.

For more information, the AEC Public Documents page can be found here: AEC Documents

AEC-Q200 Qualified Fuses Play a Critical Role in the Automotive Environment

AEC-Q200 Rev E sets rigorous stress tests for fuses to ensure their reliability in automotive environments.

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The Selection and Use of FPGAs for Automotive Interfacing, Security, and Compute-Intensive Loads

FPGAs can be used to augment legacy microcontrollers and application processors in automobiles to enhance connectivity, processing performance, and security.

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How to Ensure Circuit Protection, High Speed Data, and Power Conversion for eMobility Platforms

Use automotive qualified circuit protection, communications, and power conversion solutions to design sustainable and safe eMobility systems.

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Automotive Applications Test a Power Chip’s Mettle

A look at the demands of cold cranking and solutions available to cope with the strain of starting a cold engine from STMicro, TI, and Linear Technology.

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Brushed DC (BDC) motors

Brushed DC motors still play a vital role in automotive subsystems in everything from power steering, passenger cabin controls, and automotive engine control. Here is a small sample of reference design that use Brushed DC motors in automotive contexts.

Rohm

• BD6222FP-EVAL-N: DC Brush Motor, 6 ~ 15V
• BD6232FP-EVAL-N: DC Brush Motor, 6 ~ 32V
• EVAL-N.BD6232FP: DCBM Driver, 6 ~ 32V, 2A

ST Microelectronics

• EV-VNH7070BAS: DC Brush Motor, 15A, 4 ~ 28V
• EV-VNH7070AS: DC Brush Motor, 15A, 4 ~ 28V
• EV-VNH7100BAS: DC Brush Motor, 15A , 4 ~ 28V

H-bridge motor driver

The rough world of Transportation and Automotive applications demand rugged, low power solutions with precise control and simple interfaces. That is where H Bridge motor controllers can shine in a variety of pump and engine control gates. Here are a few examples of Automotive qualified H Bridge reference designs.

• EV-VNHD7012AY: 28V @ 38A Automotive H-bridge Motor Driver
• EV-VNHD7008AY: 28V @ 51A Automotive H-bridge Motor Driver